The article compares the political upheaval that took place in Lithuania 80 years ago with those staged in Estonia and Latvia in 1934. Their similarities and differences are discussed and their historiography is compared. All the three were classified as military-political coups that caused transition from democratic to an authoritarian ruling system without changing socio-economic system or foreign policy. The main alleviating circumstance common to the coups in the Baltics was unproportionate domination of legislative power over the executive in the period after the First World War. The alternatives of power distribution are discussed employing the Finnish model of democratic system, according to which the parliamentary power is outweighed by the stronger institution of President. The model enabled to give a more flexible reaction to the danger of extremist trends or serious blows to democracy, it also contributed to the protection from damaging impact of outward influences which was especially noticeable in Estonia.
The differences in the coups in the Baltic states are connected with the differences of the time and circumstances, as socio-economic conditions were different in 1926 and 1934 (the great Depression and its consequences in Latvia and Estonia, while only a local crisis experienced by Lithuania). The international situation was different as well: growing activity of the right wing radicals after fascists took power in Germany and consolidation of Stalin dictatorship in the USSR. The most significant difference is thought to lie in the fact that 1926 coup was directed against the reforms that were planned or undertaken by the left wing coalition, while 1934 political upheavals attempted to prevent possible takeover by the right wing |